An 'impossible' opposition: /h/ vs. /h̃/ in North-Eastern Basque

name: title
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background-position: 20% 93%, 90% 90%
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# An 'impossible' opposition: <br> /h/ vs. /h̃/ in North-Eastern Basque

<div style = "position:fixed; left:35%; bottom:35%; font-size:150%; text-align:center">
Ander Egurtzegi
<br>
ander.egurtzegi@iker.cnrs.fr
</div>
<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>
.fancy[Paris | 30-06-2023]

---

# Glottal fricatives

---

# How about a nasalized glottal approximant /h̃/?
<div style = "position:fixed; left:30px; bottom:30px; font-size:80%; text-align:left">
Walker, Rachel & Pullum, Geoffrey K. 1999. Possible and Impossible Segments. <em>Language</em> 75(4). 764-780. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307/417733">10.2307/417733</a>
</div>
--

???

Walker & Pullum 1999

The impossibility attributed to /˜h/ is rooted in the aerodynamic definition of nasality; whether or not enough air-stream can go through the nasal cavity once it has produced glottal friction and after it has been divided between the nasal and the oral tract. However, nasalized aspirates are not as problematic from an articulatory perspective, where any sound produced with a lowered velum can be considered nasal.

---
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# Typology

---
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background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/h-distribution-world.png")
background-position: 50% 50%
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# /h/ in the world's languages
<div style = "position:fixed; left: 30px; bottom:30px; font-size:80%">
Moran, Steven & McCloy, Daniel (eds.). 2019. <em>Phoible 2.0</em>. <a href="http://phoible.org">http://phoible.org</a>
</div>

---
class: center
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/h-nasal-distribution-world.png")
background-position: 50% 50%
background-size: cover

# /h̃/ in the world's languages
<div style = "position:fixed; left: 30px; bottom:30px; font-size:80%">
Moran, Steven & McCloy, Daniel (eds.). 2019. <em>Phoible 2.0</em>. <a href="http://phoible.org">http://phoible.org</a>
</div>

---
class: center
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/ikurrina.png"), url("../../img/slides/h/h-nasal-distribution-world-basque.png")
background-position: 6% 38%, 50% 50%
background-size: 2%, cover

# /h̃/ in the world's languages
# /.ipa[h̃]/ in the world's languages
<div style = "position:fixed; left: 45px; top:210px; font-size:80%; color:red">
AND (EASTERN)<br>BASQUE!
</div>

<div style = "position:fixed; left: 30px; bottom:30px; font-size:80%">
Moran, Steven & McCloy, Daniel (eds.). 2019. <em>Phoible 2.0</em>. <a href="http://phoible.org">http://phoible.org</a>
</div>

???

Left-to-right: Umbundu, Andi, Lisu, Copainalá Zoque, Yine, Madi.

---
class: left

# An extremely rare opposition

If /.ipa[h̃]/ is so rare, then languages that include __both__ /.ipa[h̃]/ and /.ipa[h]/...

\- Kwangali (kwan1273)
<br>
<br>
\- ThiMbukushu (mbuk1240)

???

Kwangali and ThiMbukushu, two Southern Bantu languages of northern Namibia

--
<br>
<br>
\- Seimat (seim1238)

???

Seimat, an Oceanic language of the Admiralty Islands

--
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
\- North-Eastern Basque (basq1248)

???

And the easternmost varieties of Basque of the Pyrenees Spain-France border region

---
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# The Basque case

---

class: left

# Zuberoan Basque
<div style = "position:relative; left: 0px; top:490px; font-size:80%">
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2003. Segmental phonology. <em>A grammar of Basque</em>, 15-65. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
</div>

---
class: left

# Laryngeal approximants

\- Oral /.ipa[h]/, potentially present in Proto-Basque (_hori_ 'that')
<br>- Nasalized /.ipa[h̃]/, from historical intervocalic *n (Lat. _(h)onore_ > _o.ipa[h̃]ore_ 'honor')

## Geographic distribution:

\- /.ipa[h]/ -> Only in continental varieties
<br>- /.ipa[h̃]/ -> Only in Zuberoan & Mixean Basque

## Restrictions:

\- Onset only
<br>- First 2 syllables only
<br>- Only 1 aspirated segment in each word

---
class: left

# Some examples of /.ipa[h]/

| Example                | Transcription           | Gloss                                   |
|----------------------|-------------------|-------------------------------|
| _hori_ | /.ipa[hoɾi]/ | 'that (one)' |
| _harri_ | /.ipa[hari]/ | 'stone' |
| _aho_ | /.ipa[aho]/ | 'mouth' |
| _ehun_ | /.ipa[ehun]/ | 'hundred' |
| _elhe_ | /.ipa[elhe]/ | 'word' |
| _senhar_ | /.ipa[s̺enhar]/ | 'husband' |

---
class: left

# Some examples of /.ipa[h̃]/

| Example                | Transcription           | Gloss                                   |
|----------------------|-------------------|-------------------------------|
| _ahai_ | /.ipa[ah̃ai̯]/ | 'ram' |
| _ahuntz_ | /.ipa[ah̃unts̻]/ | 'goat' |
| _ihes_ | /.ipa[ih̃es̺]/ | 'run away' |
| _ahate_ | /.ipa[ah̃ate]/ | 'duck' |
| _dihaü_ | /.ipa[dih̃ay]/ | 'money' |
| _uhue_ | /.ipa[uh̃ue]/ | 'honor' |

---
class: animated, slideInDown

# Let's listen to them

<div style = "position:fixed; left: 240px; top:140px; font-size:120%">
<strong>Oral</strong>
</div>
<div style = "position:fixed; left: 800px; top:140px; font-size:120%">
<strong>Nasalized</strong>
</div>

.pull-left[
<img src="../../img/slides/h/dinner.jpg"
     width="424" height="370">

<figure>
<audio controls>
	<source src="/static/audios/slides/h/0003-299-aihai-cut.m4a">
</audio>
     <figcaption><em>aihai</em> 'dinner'</figcaption>
</figure>
]
.pull-right[
<img src="../../img/slides/h/dew-01.jpg"
     width="424" height="370">

<figure>
<audio controls>
	<source src="/static/audios/slides/h/0003-64-ihitza-cut.m4a">
</audio>
     <figcaption><em>ihitza</em> 'dew'</figcaption>
</figure>
]

---
class: animated, slideOutLeft
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/red-dot.png"), url("../../img/slides/h/red-dot.png"), url("../../img/slides/h/black-line.png")
background-position: 40% 50%, 80% 50%, 100% 50%
background-size: 5%, 5%, 75%

# Chronology
<div style = "position:relative; left: -110px; top:130px; text-align:center; font-size:110%">
500-800 AD
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Lenition of intervocalic /n/
<br>
<br>
/VnV/ > /V.ipa[h̃]V/
</div>

<div style = "position:relative; left: 335px; top:-60px; text-align:center; font-size:110%">
1000-1300 AD
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Laryngeal loss
<br>
only in post-tonic syllables
<br>
in (Central-)Eastern varieties
<br>
<br>
/.ipa[h]V.'.ipa[h]V..ipa[h]V/ > /.ipa[h]V..ipa[h]V.V/
</div>

---

class: animated, slideInRight, animated.slow
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/red-dot.png"), url("../../img/slides/h/red-dot.png"), url("../../img/slides/h/black-line.png")
background-position: 25% 50%, 75% 50%, 0% 50%
background-size: 5%, 5%, 75%

<div style = "position:relative; left: -295px; top:130px; text-align:center; font-size:110%">
1600-1900 AD
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Loss of nasality (in aspirates)
<br>
in most Basque varieties
<br>
<br>
/V.ipa[h̃]V/ > /V.ipa[h]V/
</div>

<div style = "position:relative; left: 275px; top:-85px; text-align:center; font-size:110%">
Today
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Nasalization of aspirates
<br>
preserved in Zuberoan and Mixean
<br>
<br>
/.ipa[ehi]/ 'finger' vs. /.ipa[eh̃i]/ 'easy'
</div>

---
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# Romance languages

---
class: left

# *n > ∅ /V_V in Romance

## Galician-Portuguese

| Latin                | Gal-Port.              | Gloss                                   |
|----------------------|-------------------|-------------------------------|
| _.ipa[uentānam]_ | _.ipa[ventãa]_ | 'window' |
| _.ipa[plānum]_ | _.ipa[chão]_ | 'flat' |
| _.ipa[tenebrās]_ | _.ipa[tẽevras]_ | 'darkness' |
| _.ipa[lūnam]_ | _.ipa[lũa]_ | 'moon' |
| _.ipa[regīnam]_ | _.ipa[raĩa]_ | 'queen' |
| _.ipa[gallīnam]_ | _.ipa[galĩa]_ | 'hen' |

---
class: left

# *n > ∅ /V_V in Romance

## Corsican

| Chisa Corsican                 | Galeria Corsican              | Gloss                                   |
|----------------------|-------------------|-------------------------------|
| [.ipa[ˈpanɛ]] | [.ipa[ˈpãe]] | 'bread' |
| [.ipa[ˈpona]] | [.ipa[ˈpe]] | 'to put' |
| [.ipa[ˈvĩnu]] | [.ipa[ˈbĩu]] | 'wine' |
| [.ipa[ˈɔ̃ne]] | [.ipa[ɔ̃]] | (suffix) |

<div style = "position:relative; left: 0px; top:120px; font-size:80%">
Dalbera-Stefanaggi, Marie-José. 1989. La nasalisation en corse. <em>Revue de linguistique romane</em> 53. 145-158.
</div>

---
class: left

# *n > ∅ /V_V in Romance

## Medieval Gascon

| Latin                | Gascon              | Gloss                                   |
|----------------------|-------------------|-------------------------------|
| _Dominicus_ | _Domeeg_ | (personal name) |
| _gall.ipa[ī]nas_ | _garias_ | 'hen (pl.)' |
| _abellan-.ipa[ē]tum_ | _aueraed_ | 'hazelnut grove' |
| _camin.ipa[ā]re_ | _camiar_ | 'to walk' |
| _Castan.ipa[ē]tum_ | _Castahied_ | (place name) |

<div style = "position:relative; left: 0px; top:80px; font-size:80%">
Luchaire, Achille. 1879. <em>Etudes sur les idiomes pyrénéens de la région française</em>. Paris: Maisonneuve.
</div>

---
class: left

# *n > ∅ /V_V in Romance

## Sardinian

| Sard. Var. A                | Sard. Var. B              | Sard. Var. C              | Gloss                                   |
|----------------------|-------------------|-------------------------------|
| [.ipa[ˈpanɛ]] | [.ipa[ˈpãi]] | - | 'bread' |
| [.ipa[ˈkɛna]] | [.ipa[ˈtʃɛ̃a]] | - | 'dinner' |
| [.ipa[ˈaʒina]] | [.ipa[ˈaʒĩa]] | [.ipa[ˈaʒĩʔa]] | 'grape' |
| [.ipa[ˈluna]] | [.ipa['lũa]] | [.ipa['lũʔa]] | 'moon' |

<div style = "position:relative; left: 0px; top:120px; font-size:80%">
Molinu, Lucia. 2022. Nasalizzazione e lenizione in sardo meridionale. Paper presented at <em>CILPR</em>.
</div>

---
class: left

# Common sound change?

Scarce evidence for an aspirate outcome in Romance.

<div style = "position:fixed; left:30px; right:50px; bottom:30px; font-size:80%; text-align:left">
Blevins, Juliette & Egurtzegi, Ander. 2023. Refining explanation in Evolutionary Phonology. <em>Linguistic Typology</em> 27. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2021-0036">10.1515/lingty-2021-0036</a>.
<br>
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2023. /.ipa[h̃]/ hasperen sudurkarituaren inguran [On the nasalized aspiration /.ipa[h̃]/]. <em>International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology</em> 57.
</div>

\- [.ipa[h]] in Medieval Gascon?
--
<br>
\- [.ipa[ʔ]] in Sarrabus/Isili Sardinian

<br>
<br>
Why did /.ipa[h̃]/ develop in Basque? / Why was it maintained?

---
class: left

# Phonologization of /.ipa[h̃]/

\- /.ipa[h]/ was likely part of the language before /.ipa[h̃]/ developed.
--
<br>
\- [.ipa[h̃]] was likely an allophonic variant of /.ipa[h]/.

--
## Minimal pair/triplet:

<br>
.center[
_ehi_ /.ipa['ehi]/ 'finger'

vs.

_ehi_ /.ipa['eh̃i]/ 'easy'

vs.

_ei_ /.ipa['e.i]/ ~ /.ipa[ei̯]/ 'ill'
]

---
class: left

# /.ipa[Vh̃V]/ or /.ipa[ṼhṼ]/?
<div style = "position:relative; left: 0px; top:444px; font-size:80%">
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2018. On the phonemic status of nasalized /.ipa[h̃]/ in Modern Zuberoan Basque. <em>Linguistics</em> 56. 1353-1367. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2018-0024">10.1515/ling-2018-0024</a>.
</div>

\- Zuberoan only shows contrastive nasalization in word-final stressed vowels.
--
<br>
<br>
\- Mixean does not show contrastive nasalization in vowels.

---

# Nasalization spread / assimilation
<div style = "position:relative; left: 0px; top:480px; font-size:80%">
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2018. On the phonemic status of nasalized /.ipa[h̃]/ in Modern Zuberoan Basque. <em>Linguistics</em> 56. 1353-1367. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2018-0024">10.1515/ling-2018-0024</a>.
</div>

All vowels surrounding nasal consonants are contextually nasalized in Basque:

.center[
_ona_ [.ipa[õnã]] 'the good'
<br>
_ama_ [.ipa[ãmã]] 'mother'
]
--

.center[
_uhue_ [.ipa[ũ'h̃ũẽ]] 'honor'
<br>
_ahate_ [.ipa[ã'h̃ãte]] 'duck'
]

---

| Example                | Transcription           | Gloss                                   |
|----------------------|-------------------|-------------------------------|
| _ni + haur_ | [.ipa[nĩ'ɦ̃ãu̯]] | 'me (intensive form)' |
| _hi + haur_ | [.ipa[ĩ'ɦ̃ãu̯]] | 'you (sg.-inf., intensive form)' |
| _zu + haur_ | [.ipa[s̻ĩ'ɦ̃ãu̯]] | 'you (sg.-form., intensive form)' |
| _gu + haur_ | [.ipa[gĩ'ɦ̃ãu̯]] | 'we (intensive form)' |

---

<div style = "position:fixed; left: 30px; bottom:30px; right:50px; font-size:71%; text-align:left">
Hualde, José Ignacio. 1993. Topics in Souletin phonology. In J.I Hualde & J. Ortiz de Urbina (eds.) <em>Generative Studies in Basque Linguistics</em>, pp. 289-327. John Benjamins.
<br>
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2013. Diferentes tipos de aspiración en vasco (con análisis espectrales del dialecto suletino actual) [Different kinds of aspiration in Basque (with spectral analyses of the modern Zuberoan dialect)]. In Blasco <em>et al</em>. (eds.), Iberia e Sardegna. Firenze: Le Monnier. 151–169.
<br>
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2018. On the phonemic status of nasalized /.ipa[h̃]/ in Modern Zuberoan Basque. <em>Linguistics</em> 56. 1353-1367. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2018-0024">10.1515/ling-2018-0024</a>
<br>
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2023. /.ipa[h̃]/ hasperen sudurkarituaren inguran [On the nasalized aspiration /.ipa[h̃]/]. <em>International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology</em> 57.
</div>

# Phonetic research: previous studies

<br> <br>
A handful of illustrative spectrograms (Egurtzegi 2013, 2023)

???
Mainly impressionistic

Larrasquet (1932): Ṽh̃Ṽ vs VhV but everything nasalized

Hualde (1993): h̃ based in the assumption that nasality spreads to adjacent vowels in Basque

Historical research h < *n

Yet, the acoustic analysis are not optimal for studying nasality
Record in Larraine to fill the gap

---
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/pink-box.png")
background-position: 50% 30%
background-size: 90%
# Research is pressing
<div style = "position:relative; left: 0px; top:80px; font-size:150%; text-align:center">
Basque is an endangered language (vulnerable according to UNESCO)
</div>

---
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/pink-box.png"), url("../../img/slides/h/pink-arrow.png"), url("../../img/slides/h/pink-square.png")
background-position: 50% 30%, 20% 50%, 10% 86%
background-size: 90%, 10%, 37%
# Research is pressing
<div style = "position:relative; left: 0px; top:80px; font-size:150%; text-align:center;"">
Basque is an endangered language (vulnerable according to UNESCO)
</div>

<div style = "position:relative; left: -10px; top:285px; font-size:150%"; text-align:"center">
(Almost?) All Basque varieties
<br>
other than the standard
</div>
---

background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/pink-box.png"), url("../../img/slides/h/pink-arrow.png"), url("../../img/slides/h/pink-square.png"), url("../../img/slides/h/red-arrow.png"), url("../../img/slides/h/red-square.png")
background-position: 50% 30%, 20% 50%, 10% 86%, 80% 50%, 90% 86%
background-size: 90%, 10%, 37%, 10%, 37%
# Research is pressing
<div style = "position:relative; left: 0px; top:80px; font-size:150%; text-align:center;"">
Basque is an endangered language (vulnerable according to UNESCO)
</div>

<div style = "position:relative; left: -10px; top:285px; font-size:150%"; text-align:"center">
(Almost?) All Basque varieties
<br>
other than the standard
</div>

<div style = "position:relative; left: 300px; top:170px; font-size:150%; text-align:center; color:white;">
Particularly
<br>the Basque varieties
<br>spoken in the
<br>Northern Basque Country
<br>
in France
</div>

---
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/Mixe.png")
background-position: 50% 50%
background-size: 70%

# Amikuze / Mixean Basque

<div style = "position:relative; left: 0px; top:470px; font-size:80%">
Camino, I. 2016. <em>Amiküze eskualdeko heskuara</em> [The Basque of the region of Amiküze (Mixe)]. Bilbao: Euskaltzaindia.
</div>

---

# Research questions

Is nasalized aspiration still found in North-Eastern variaties of Basque?

--
<br><br><br>

If present, we should describe it

--
<br><br><br>

Is nasalization of aspirates phonemic in North-Eastern variaties of Basque?

---
class: inverse, middle, center, animated, bounceInDown

# 1st study

---

# The Mixean case

.pull-left[
<img src="../../img/slides/h/Camino.jpg" width="60%" height="60%" />
]
.pull-right[
<img src="/static/img/slides/h/vinyl.jpg" alt="Vinyl record" />
]
<div style = "position:relative; left: 0px; top:20px; font-size:80%">
Camino, I. 2016. <em>Amiküze eskualdeko heskuara</em> [The Basque of the region of Amiküze (Mixe)]. Bilbao: Euskaltzaindia.
</div>

???
Iker Camino is the foremost expert on Mixean Basque.

In his Grammar (2016), he claims:
- No phonemic /h/ vs /h̃/ contrast
- No phonemic vowel nasalization
- /h/ is variably nasalized depending on context

5 recordings were not used due to:
- Speakers being older than 85-90 years.
- Recordings being made in the 80's (extracted from a DAT).

10 subjects. 3 females and 7 males.

---

# Data
.pull-left[
<img src="../../img/slides/h/behi.png"
     width="424" height="370">

<figure>
<audio controls>
	<source src="/static/audios/slides/h/behi.wav">
</audio>
     <figcaption><em>behi</em> 'cow'</figcaption>
</figure>
]
.pull-right[
<img src="../../img/slides/h/ihizin.png"
     width="424" height="370">

<figure>
<audio controls>
	<source src="/static/audios/slides/h/ihizin.wav">
</audio>
</audio>
     <figcaption><em>ihizin</em> 'hunting'</figcaption>
</figure>
]

---
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/styler.png")
background-position: 50% 50%
background-size: 100%

# Problem: Measuring acoustic nasality

<div style = "position:relative; left: 0px; top:470px; font-size:80%">
Styler, W. 2017. On the acoustical features of vowel nasality in English and French, <em>J. Acoust. Soc. Am.</em> 142(4), 2469–2482.
</div>

---

# Styler (2017)

20 explicit measurements of vocalic nasality (Styler 2017):

\- F1, F2, F3 frequency<br>
\- F1, F2, F3 bandwidth<br>
\- A1, A2, A3 amplitude<br>
\- P0, P1, P2 amplitude<br>
\- P0, P1 prominence<br>
\- A1-P0, A1-P1, A1-P2<br>
\- H1-H2, A3-P0, overall spectral center of gravity

All measurements taken at 5ms intervals

<div style = "position:relative; left: 0px; top:10px; font-size:80%">
Styler, W. 2017. On the acoustical features of vowel nasality in English and French, <em>J. Acoust. Soc. Am.</em> 142(4), 2469–2482.<br>
Winkelmann, R., Bombien, L. & Scheffers, M. 2017. Wrassp: Interface to the 'ASSP' Library.
</div>

---

# Statistical model: PCA + LME + LOO CV

The number of PCs that cumulatively explained at least 80% of the total variance were retained for each speaker:

\- 11-13 PCs<br>
\- Mean: 12.3, SD: 0.82

The scores for the retained PCs were used as linear predictors in speaker-specific models built to distinguish oral and nasalized vocalic contexts

<div style = "position:relative; left: 0px; top:150px; font-size:80%">
Egurtzegi, Ander & Carignan, Christopher. 2020. A typological rarity: the /h/ vs. /h̃/ contrast of Mixean Basque. <em>LabPhon</em> 17.
</div>

---

# Leave-one-out cross-validation

"Unambiguously" oral and nasalized tokens were selected:

\- Nasalized: 10% in NVC, 50% in NVN, and 90% in CVN<br>
\- Oral: 10%, 50%, and 90% in CVC

Pair-wise post hoc tests with Tukey alpha correction

<div style = "position:relative; left: 0px; top:75px; font-size:80%">
Egurtzegi, Ander & Carignan, Christopher. 2020. A typological rarity: the /h/ vs. /h̃/ contrast of Mixean Basque. <em>LabPhon</em> 17.
</div>

???

For each of the ten speakers, a logistic mixed-effects model was constructed to distinguish between oral and nasalized vocalic contexts. The dependent variable was context type (oral vs. nasalized). The fixed effects were the PC scores of the retained components. The random effects structure included by-word random intercepts and by-PC random slopes to account for variability across lexical items and the differential contribution of PCs to the classification. To evaluate the model's ability to generalize to unseen data, a leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) procedure was implemented. For each iteration of the LOOCV, one word was held out as the test set, and the model was trained on the remaining data. The trained model was then used to predict the nasality of the vowels in the held-out word. The posterior probability of a vowel being nasalized was obtained from the model output.

---
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/violinplot.png")
background-position: 50% 50%
background-size: 100%

<div style = "position:relative; left: 0px; top:485px; font-size:80%">
Egurtzegi, Ander & Carignan, Christopher. 2020. A typological rarity: the /h/ vs. /h̃/ contrast of Mixean Basque. <em>LabPhon</em> 17.
</div>

???

Two 'nasal' categories:
Assimilatorily nasalized [h̃]
Etymologically nasalized /h̃/
Two 'oral' categories:
(Oral) /h/
(Oral) vowel

---
class: inverse, middle, center, animated, bounceInDown

# 2nd study

---
class: inverse

## Larraine
.center[
<video show controls disablepictureinpicture width="640" height="480">
<source src="/static/videos/zoom-larraine.mp4" type="video/mp4" align="center">
</video>
]
???
Aim: Locate Larraine in the map

Further data:

Zuberoan population: 12716
  
  Larraine: 195
  
  Passive knowledge: 22.8%
  
  Effective usage: 5.8%
  
  Speakers among the oldest population

---
## Participants

<div style = "position:fixed; left: 30px; bottom:30px; font-size:80%">
<a href="https://stablecog.com">https://stablecog.com</a>
</div>

???
5 participants

60-70 yo

4 male : 1 female

L1 Larraine Basque

L2 French at age 5

Left Larraine or Zuberoa for work, but returned

---
class: center, middle
# Experimental design

---

## Stimuli + SpeechRecorder + Nasalance device

???
Experiment = word reading task

---

## Stimuli: wordlist

<div class="row">
  <div class="column">
    <h2>
    Oral
    </h2>
    <p>
    behi 'cow'</p>
    <p>bihotz 'heart'</p>
    <p>ehi 'finger'</p>
  </div>
  
  <div class="column">
    <h2>Nasalized</h2>
    <p>
    ahate 'duck'</p>
    <p>
    ihaute 'carnival'</p>
    <p>ehi 'easy'
  </div>
  
  <div class="column">
    <h2>Assimilated</h2>
        <p>
    uɲhu 'onion'</p>
        <p>
    lehen 'first, before'</p>
    <p>nihaur 'me, myself'</p>
  </div>
</div>

---
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/speech-recorder-behi.jpg"), url("../../img/slides/h/speech-recorder-uhue.jpg")
background-position: 10% 50%, 90% 50%
background-size: 43%, 43%

## Prompting: SpeechRecorder
<div style = "position:fixed; left: 30px; bottom:30px; font-size:80%">
Draxler, Christoph & Jänsch, Klaus. 2004 SpeechRecorder - a Universal Platform Independent Multi-Channel Audio Recording Software. In <em>Proc. of
LREC</em>. 559-562. <a href="https://www.bas.uni-muenchen.de/Bas/software/speechrecorder/">https://www.bas.uni-muenchen.de/Bas/software/speechrecorder/</a>
</div>

???
SpeechRecorder

Randomized order

checked with a Zuberoan informant

French translation, because of potentially unknown words, different pronuntiation, iliterate Basque

No graphic differentiation between oral or nasal segments

---
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/nasalance.jpg")
background-position: 50% 50%
background-size: 75%

## Nasalance device

<div style = "position:fixed; left: 30px; bottom:30px; font-size:80%">
Glotal Enterprises NAS-1 SEP. <a href="https://www.glottal.com/theNASSystem.html#">https://www.glottal.com/theNASSystem.html#</a>
</div>

---
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/setup.jpg")
background-position: 50% 50%
background-size: cover

# The setup

---
class: inverse, middle, center, animated, bounceInDown

# Data analysis

---

## Data
.pull-left[
<img src="../../img/slides/h/aihaia.png"
     width="500", height="380">

<figure>
<audio controls>
	<source src="/static/audios/slides/h/aihaia.wav">
</audio>
     <figcaption><em>aihaia</em> 'dinner'</figcaption>
</figure>
]
.pull-right[
<img src="../../img/slides/h/desuhue.png"
     width="500" height="380">

<figure>
<audio controls>
	<source src="/static/audios/slides/h/desuhue.wav">
</audio>
</audio>
     <figcaption><em>desuhue</em> 'cough'</figcaption>
</figure>
]

---

<div style = "position:fixed; left: 30px; bottom:30px; font-size:80%">
Boersma, Paul & Weenink, David. 2022. <em>Praat. Doing phonetics by computer</em>. <a href="https://www.praat.org">https://www.praat.org</a>
<br>
R Core Team. 2022. <em>R: A language and Environment for Statistical Computing</em>. <a href="https://www.R-project.org/">https://www.R-project.org/</a>
<br>
Wickhan, Hadley <em>et al.</em>. 2019. Welcome to the tidyverse. <em>Journal of Open Source Software</em> 43(4). doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686">10.21105/joss.01686</a>
</div>

## Data processing

---
## Dataset

<div style = "position:fixed; left:30px; bottom:30px; font-size:80%; text-align:left">
Egurtzegi, García-Covelo & Urrestarazu-Porta. 2023. A nasalance-based study of the /h/ vs. /h̃/ opposition in Zuberoan Basque. ICPhS 2023.
</div>

### N

```
## # A tibble: 3 × 2
##   etym_asp        n
##   <fct>       <int>
## 1 assimilated   161
## 2 nasalized     144
## 3 oral          201
```
--

### N by speaker

```
## # A tibble: 15 × 3
## # Groups:   speaker_new [5]
##    speaker_new etym_asp        n
##    <chr>             <fct>       <int>
##  1 1           assimilated    32
##  2 1           nasalized      27
##  3 1           oral           39
##  4 2           assimilated    28
##  5 2           nasalized      37
##  6 2           oral           32
##  7 3           assimilated    34
##  8 3           nasalized      22
##  9 3           oral           45
## 10 4           assimilated    34
## 11 4           nasalized      29
## 12 4           oral           42
## 13 5           assimilated    33
## 14 5           nasalized      29
## 15 5           oral           43
```

---
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/prior-beta.png"), url("../../img/slides/h/prior-sd.png"), url("../../img/slides/h/prior-correlation.svg")
background-position: 5% 50%, 50% 50%, 95% 50%
background-size: 30%, 30%, 32%

## Priors

<div style = "position:fixed; left: 30px; bottom:30px; font-size:80%">
Bürkner, Paul-Christian. 2017. brms: An R Package for Bayesian
  Multilevel Models Using Stan. <em>Journal of Statistical Software</em> 80(1). 1-28. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v080.i01">10.18637/jss.v080.i01</a>
</div>

---
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/posteriors_nasalance.png"), url("../../img/slides/h/posteriors_nasalm.png")
background-position: 9% 50%, 91% 50%
background-size: 45%, 45%

## Posterior distributions

???
We found that the posterior distributions for nasalized and assimilated /h/ were similar for both nasalance values and nasal SPL, suggesting no significant difference between these two categories. However, both differed significantly from oral /h/, which showed lower nasalance and nasal SPL values. This indicates that both etymologically nasalized /h̃/ and assimilated /h/ are indeed produced with significant nasal airflow, distinguishing them from oral /h/.

---
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/posteriors_nasalance.png")
background-position: 50% 50%
background-size: 80%

## Posterior distributions (nasalance)

---
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/nasalm-z-median-per-etym-asp--boxplot-and-beeswarm-2.png")
background-position: 50% 50%
background-size: 80%

## Nasal SPL median per category

---
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/nasalm-z-median-per-etym-asp--boxplot-and-beeswarm-2_shade.png")
background-position: 50% 50%
background-size: 80%

## Nasal SPL median per category

---
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/nasalance-z-median-per-words-with-nasal-and-oral-aspirates.png")
background-position: 50% 50%
background-size: 80%

## Nasalance median per category

---
background-image: url("../../img/slides/h/nasalance-z-median-per-words-with-nasal-and-oral-aspirates_oral.png")
backround-position: 65% 60%
background-size: 80%

## Nasalance median per category

---
---
background-image: url(../../img/slides/h/nasalance-z-median-per-words-with-nasal-and-oral-aspirates_ohol.png)
backround-position: 65% 60%
background-size: 80%

---

# Discussion

There is an opposition between /.ipa[h]/ and /.ipa[h̃]/!

Etymologically oral aspirates ≠ Assimilated nasal aspirates ≈ Etymologically nasalized aspirates

### BUT:

Not all speakers produce nasalized aspirates to the same extent

```